Taken in parallel, case studies from different fields and periods will hopefully allow us to approach some important questions: How can we understand historic cases of returns, from Ancient Mesopotamia to Post-Napoleonic France, in relation to the contemporary culture of redress?
Can they be related to the evolution of the "guilt of nations" defined by Elazar Barkan as a post World War II phenomenon?
Have the growing number of negotiations around human remains impacted on how we perceive the issue of ownership for other types of objects, i. What do negotiations around Nazi looted art have in common with the legal and ethical questions related to objects appropriated in colonial contexts? Applications in English consisting of an abstract of words and a short C.
Notice of application results will be given by the 1st of June, Contributions to travel and accommodation expenses may be available for participants. Hamilton Carolyn and Skotnes Pipa ed. Properties of JavaScript objects can also be accessed or set using a bracket notation for more details see property accessors. Objects are sometimes called associative arrays , since each property is associated with a string value that can be used to access it. So, for example, you could access the properties of the myCar object as follows:.
An object property name can be any valid JavaScript string, or anything that can be converted to a string, including the empty string. However, any property name that is not a valid JavaScript identifier for example, a property name that has a space or a hyphen, or that starts with a number can only be accessed using the square bracket notation.
This notation is also very useful when property names are to be dynamically determined when the property name is not determined until runtime. Examples are as follows:. Please note that all keys in the square bracket notation are converted to string unless they're Symbols, since JavaScript object property names keys can only be strings or Symbols at some point, private names will also be added as the class fields proposal progresses, but you won't use them with [] form.
For example, in the above code, when the key obj is added to the myObj , JavaScript will call the obj. You can use the bracket notation with for To illustrate how this works, the following function displays the properties of the object when you pass the object and the object's name as arguments to the function:.
However, this can be achieved with the following function:. This can be useful to reveal "hidden" properties properties in the prototype chain which are not accessible through the object, because another property has the same name earlier in the prototype chain. Listing accessible properties only can easily be done by removing duplicates in the array. JavaScript has a number of predefined objects. In addition, you can create your own objects.
You can create an object using an object initializer. Alternatively, you can first create a constructor function and then instantiate an object invoking that function in conjunction with the new operator. In addition to creating objects using a constructor function, you can create objects using an object initializer. Using object initializers is sometimes referred to as creating objects with literal notation.
The obj and assignment are optional; if you do not need to refer to this object elsewhere, you do not need to assign it to a variable. Note that you may need to wrap the object literal in parentheses if the object appears where a statement is expected, so as not to have the literal be confused with a block statement.
Object initializers are expressions, and each object initializer results in a new object being created whenever the statement in which it appears is executed. Identical object initializers create distinct objects that will not compare to each other as equal. Objects are created as if a call to new Object were made; that is, objects made from object literal expressions are instances of Object. The following statement creates an object and assigns it to the variable x if and only if the expression cond is true:.
The following example creates myHonda with three properties. Note that the engine property is also an object with its own properties. You can also use object initializers to create arrays. See array literals. To define an object type, create a function for the object type that specifies its name, properties, and methods.
It is a fear of objects supplanting people. That this is currently happening is the explicit contention of much of the … Expand. James Sackett reviews the subject in an essay that sets up a model of style for archaeology. He … Expand. The development of the Romano-British villa at Marshfield is reinterpreted as several phases in the growth of a kin group, analogous to David Clarke's reinterpretation of the Glastonbury … Expand. Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory. This paper presents some of the results of an English Heritage funded study of the distribution of samian pottery Terra Sigillata.
It aims to highlight the value of samian pottery as a resource for … Expand. ISBN 0 bound ; 0 paper. On Romanization 2. Roman power and the Gauls 3. The civilising ethos 4. Mapping cultural change 5. Urbanising the Gauls 6. The culture of the countryside 7. Consuming Rome 8. Keeping faith? Archaeologists theory; methodology is theory. While most theorists would often possess the artefact but not the act, nor all too often agree with this almost-a-platitude, in practice when we as- the social context; it is hopeful to think that artefacts can sert a priori that we know what material culture is about, and provide us with not only the example to be judged, but also what the relevant theoretical framework to place it in is, we the standards by which to judge it and the cues channelling are in fact asserting the dominance of theory over practice; the interpretive process.
Making up formal rules of interpre- the implicit assertion is that one paradigm fits all the things tation for something as subtly context-dependent as material we might wish to understand, even if we have not actually culture would probably be an empty, mechanical exercise, seen them yet.
But specificity is not incidental to material but learning to recognize how internal patterning relates to culture; it is a fundamental part of it. If we want to under- how artefacts achieve their effects may help us learn to read stand them in any detail rather than as generic philosophical material culture sensitively.
Moreover, although I have fo- exemplars , we have to treat objects not as first and foremost cused here upon how objects are made and used in their representatives of a generic category of thing and only then primary context, this perspective could be extended to read- as accomplishing a specific social functionality.
In the example above, the lose our ability to understand material culture. Instead, we built-in characteristics of Neolithic axes and pottery gave have to start with their specific social functionality, the way these things quite different post-Neolithic biographies; the their thingness is created and works in a particular setting same is true of the open-ended, narratively suggestive aes- and use. We need a theory with the same immediacy and thetic of Classical sculpture as opposed to competing Clas- concreteness as things themselves possess.
This gets us back to deep theory, the abstract anticipated responses to the materials, patterns, and symbols conceptualizations to which design theory forms a neces- the object incorporates. Indeed, practical uses of objects in sary complement. Current Anthropology to specific human-thing relations. Like an ecosystem, ma- — While objects draw upon many ranges of meaning and are entangled in many re- Boivin, N lations, and hence are microcosmic—an entire social system Material Culture, Material Minds: The Impact of can be read in a single object, like reading the universe in a Things on Human Thought, Society and Evolution.
In terms of proximate, salient action, many things are specialized and intended to accomplish specific Bradley, R jobs. London: Routledge.
It has to include and exclude, assert solidarity and Butler, Judith shine a spotlight on distinction, create settings for action and Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of question them, set norms and standards and disrupt them. By developing a general approach which lets us understand how the whole range of material culture works, rather than Canuto, M, and J Yaeger, eds.
New York: Plenum. There is of course a counter-style which asserts the fact Design: Historical Perspectives and Tactics.
The key here is showing that and Ethnological Perspectives. Carr and J. In Style, Society, and Person: Archaeological off. A similar tension of style and counter-style is evident in and Ethnological Perspectives. In Factional Competition and spaces deploy to personalize them. Political Development in the New World.
Brumfiel and J. Fox, eds. Bailey, Douglass W. London: Gerald poreality in the Neolithic. Duckworth and Company. Blanton, Richard E. Cambridge: Cambridge tice Framework for Archaeology. Oxford: University. London: Routledge Kegan Prehistoric Metallurgy. Technology and Culture Paul. Earle, Timothy Leone, Mark P. Potter, eds. New York: cal Economy.
Boulder: Westview. Gell, A Miller, Daniel, ed. Durham: Duke University. In Anthropology, Art and Aesthetics. Coote and A. Shelton, eds. Morphy, Howard 40— Oxford: Blackwell. Power among the Yokgnu. In Anthropology, art Oxford: Clarendon.
Oxford: Clarendon. New York: of Anthropology — Basic Books. Carbondale: Center for Livelihood, Dwelling, and Skill. Archaeological Dialogues — Plymouth: Altamira. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University. Ortner, S On Key Symbols. New York: Springer. Law, ed. London: Richards, Colin Routledge. Interpretive Archaeology. Tilley, ed. Graves-Brown, ed. Oxford: Berg. Oxford: Robb, John Clarendon.
DeMarrais, C.
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